费托合成尾气脱碳工艺选择及试车问题分析与优化

综述了不同尾气脱碳工艺的优缺点及适用条件,指出热钾碱法是目前较适用于大型费托合成尾气中CO2脱除的方法。介绍了处理尾气规模为60万m3/h的某热钾碱脱碳工艺流程,针对该装置在投料试车过程中出现的再生系统能耗高、费托合成尾气水洗效果差、吸收塔填料易堵塞及再生气排放非甲烷总烃超标等问题,进行了原因分析,并提出了一系列工艺调整及设备改造措施。实际运行结果表明,所采取的优化措施能够有效解决上述问题。     

不同形貌碳酸钙的制备及其对PVC薄膜力学性能的影响

选用偏钒酸铵、聚乙二醇、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、焦磷酸钠十水和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮作为碳酸钙形貌控制剂，以氯化钙和碳酸钠为原料，用氯化法制备得到了片状、菱形、棒状、球状和立方体状5种不同形貌碳酸钙微粒，并研究不同形貌碳酸钙颗粒形态对软质聚氯乙烯（PVC）薄膜力学性能的影响。结果表明，不同形貌碳酸钙均提高了PVC薄膜的力学性能，PVC薄膜拉伸强度和断裂伸长率均提高显著；其中，棒状形貌碳酸钙对PVC薄膜力学性能的提高效果最好，拉伸强度达到了27.11 MPa；菱形碳酸钙改性PVC薄膜的断裂伸长率最高，为98.23 %。     

多喷嘴气化工艺中灰水结垢分析及处理措施

针对安徽华谊化工公司气化炉灰水系统生产运行中存在的结垢问题,分析了不同位置灰垢的物理化学性质、主要成分及形成灰垢的灰水成分。根据不同位置的灰水结垢现象,推断出不同位置的结垢机理,据此采取:增加分散剂加药点、调整工艺操作、降低系统氨氮含量、定期射流清洗等处理措施,起到了良好的阻垢效果。     

二水硫酸钙间接矿化二氧化碳CTAB对碳酸钙晶型的影响

提升产品附加值对改善二氧化碳矿化过程的经济性具有重要意义。在二水硫酸钙与碳酸铵溶液进行间接矿化反应过程中,采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）为晶型调节剂,可以获得球霰石晶型的碳酸钙。系统研究了反应时间、反应温度、CTAB加入量对碳酸钙晶型和形貌的影响,通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和红外光谱（FT-IR）对碳酸钙的晶型、形貌进行了表征。结果表明：反应过程为先形成亚稳定相的球霰石,再向热力学最稳定的方解石相转化;添加CTAB能够明显地增强球霰石的稳定性;较低温度有利于球霰石的形成;在反应温度为30 ℃、二水硫酸钙和碳酸铵加入量均为0.1 mol/L、CTAB加入量为0.54 mmol/L条件下,碳酸钙中球霰石占比高达80%以上;CTAB在球霰石表面上的吸附降低了其表面能,从而抑制了球霰石向方解石的转化。     

Well‐defined,environment‐friendly synthesis of polypeptides based on phosgene‐free transformation of amino acids into urethane derivatives and their applications

In this study, both naturally occurring and artificial amino acids were successfully transformed into the corresponding urethane derivatives using diphenyl carbonate. The urethanes thus prepared could be efficiently cyclized into amino acid N‐carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) without the requirement of phosgene. In addition, the presence of primary amines converted the urethane derivatives into NCAs and initiated the ring‐opening polymerization of the in situ formed NCAs, allowing for the well‐defined synthesis of polypeptides. These polypeptides contained initiating ends functionalized by an amine‐derived residue and propagating ends bearing the reactive amino group. By precise control of the structures of the polypeptides, various polypeptide conjugates such as block copolymers and graft copolymers were successfully synthesized as designed, and their applications in antifouling coatings against proteins, drug delivery systems and biosensors were demonstrated. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comparative study of EICP treatment methods on the mechanical properties of sandy soil

This study analyzed the effect of different treatment methods in enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) on the mechanical properties of soil. Soybean crude urease was used to catalyze the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). A multiple-phase method was proposed and further compared with commonly practiced EICP treatment methods (including the one-phase method, two-phase method, and premix-and-compact method) from the aspects of chemical conversion efficiency, CaCO₃ precipitation distribution, permeability, and unconfined compressive strength. Based on the findings, the characteristics of each method were further discussed and summarized. Although the enzymatic CaCO₃ precipitation generated from all the treatment methods could potentiate the soil strength to a great or less degree, using the proposed multiple-phase method could bring about a high chemical conversion efficiency, uniform distribution of CaCO₃ as well as preferable permeability retention. In addition, the multiple-phase method could significantly improve the efficiency of urease usage.     

CONTROLS ON FRACTURE FLOW POTENTIAL IN A TIGHT CARBONATE RESERVOIR: SAYINDERE FORMATION (CAMPANIAN), WEST ADIYAMAN BASIN,SE TURKEY

Identifying controls on the permeability of fluid‐conductive fractures is critical in tight reservoirs, but this is challenging in tectonically complex regions such as foothills belts where there may have been multiple stages of deformation and fracturing. Fracture permeability depends on fracture aperture and connectivity, both of which are affected by tectonism and cementation. Among the many factors that control the cementation history, oil charging may play an important role. Important challenges in studies of fractured reservoirs in tectonically complex regions include determining the timing (and intensity) of fracturing events relative to that of the oil charge, verifying the presence of matrix storage, and establishing the fracture cementation history. This paper reports on a comparative fracture study of four small‐scale oilfields in the west Ad?yaman Basin, located within the foothills belt of the Tauride suture zone in SE Turkey. Here the tight reservoir carbonates of the Say?ndere Formation (Campanian) were subjected to repeated phases of structural deformation. Major deformation phases took place in Campanian and Maastrichtian times, before oil charging into the reservoir began in the Eocene; and in the Late Eocene – Oligocene and Late Miocene, after the oil charge. Fractures that were generated before oil emplacement appear to have been cemented or partially cemented by calcite as indicated by cross‐cutting cemented fractures on borehole images. Partially‐cemented fractures in cores are oil‐stained with cement‐lined walls, suggesting cementation began before oil emplacement but was not completed. Image logs and cores also show the presence of clean, open fractures with no cement present on the walls. These open fractures cut across the cemented or partially‐cemented fractures, and are in general related to Late Miocene compressional folding. Open fracture density is correlated to Late Miocene fold curvature and asymmetry in the four oilfields studied. Of these fields, the ?ambayat structure is the tightest and most asymmetric anticline and hence has the maximum open fracture density; this field also has the highest oil potential. Although the available data is not sufficient to evaluate the effects of oil charging on fracture cementation definitively, the observations are consistent with a model that oil charge into the fractured Say?ndere Formation carbonates inhibited or slowed calcite cementation. Hence fracturing of a carbonate reservoir after oil emplacement may significantly enhance the fracture permeability, and may even render a tight reservoir prospective.     

One‐Step Construction of N,P‐Codoped Porous Carbon Sheets/CoP Hybrids with Enhanced Lithium and Potassium Storage

Despite the desirable advancement in synthesizing transition‐metal phosphides (TMPs)‐based hybrid structures, most methods depend on foreign‐template‐based multistep procedures for tailoring the specific structure. Herein, a self‐template and recrystallization–self‐assembly strategy for the one‐step synthesis of core–shell‐like cobalt phosphide (CoP) nanoparticles embedded into nitrogen and phosphorus codoped porous carbon sheets (CoP?NPPCS), is first proposed. Relying on the unusual coordination ability of melamine with metal ions and the cooperative hydrogen bonding of melamine and phytic acid to form a 2D network, a self‐synthesized single precursor can be attained. Importantly, this approach can be easily expanded to synthesize other TMPs?NPPCS. Due to the unique compositional and structural characteristics, these CoP?NPPCSs manifest outstanding electrochemical performances as anode materials for both lithium‐ and potassium‐ion batteries. The unusual hybrid architecture, the high specific surface area, and porous features make the CoP?NPPCS attractive for other potential applications, such as supercapacitors and electrocatalysis.     

地热系统碳酸钙垢形成原因及定量化评价

碳酸钙垢是我国喜马拉雅构造带高温地热系统开发利用面临的主要问题之一,其直接原因是流体中Ca²⁺和CO₃^2- 的活度积大于当前温度下的平衡常数,通常与pH值增大有关。导致pH值增大的过程包括井筒内的沸腾作用促进CO₂脱气,套管腐蚀消耗质子,流体上升过程中的减压作用以及其他气体的侵入导致的CO₂逃逸,主控因素是沸腾作用。本文建立了一套系统评价地热流体结垢趋势、位置和规模的方法。首先基于地热流体经历的地球化学过程（如沸腾、混合、结垢等）,利用井口或者泉口样品的数据和地球化学程序重建储层流体的化学组分;利用水文地球化学模拟程序或者雷兹诺指数,计算碳酸钙的饱和指数,评价其发生结垢的趋势。其次利用井径测井或者井筒模拟和地球化学模拟,定量给出发生结垢的深度及范围。此外,储层和井口流体Ca²⁺ 浓度差异和平衡模拟方法以及碳酸钙结垢厚度评价方法可用于定量计算一定开采时间内的结垢量,其结果与实际情况具有可比性;对于川西某结垢地热井,48 h内的结垢量达151 ~ 300 kg或结垢厚度为1 ~ 3 cm。碳酸钙形成原因分析和定量化评价可为下一步的防垢或者除垢设计提供科学依据。